This was the first regional assessment conducted under the Impact Assessment Act, 2019 or the former legislation, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012. The Regional Assessment improves the efficiency of the environmental assessment process as it applies to oil and gas exploration drilling while at the same time ensuring the highest standards of environmental protection continue to be applied and maintained.
A final report for the Regional Assessment was submitted to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada on February 29, 2020. The Regional Assessment focused on the effects of existing and anticipated offshore oil and gas exploratory drilling in the offshore area east of Newfoundland and Labrador. The Regional Assessment builds upon the experience and knowledge gained in assessing previous projects, reduces duplication in processes and information and will result in more efficient project reviews for exploration projects.
On June 4, 2020, the Minister for Environment and Climate Change Canada released a Ministerial Regulation to improve the efficiency of the assessment process for exploratory drilling projects in an area of the Newfoundland and Labrador offshore. This Regulation provides that exploration drilling projects are excluded from the requirements to undergo a project-specific federal Impact Assessment if they occur within a specific area of the NL offshore and are compliant with a series of conditions that focus on protecting the environment and ensuring meaningful Indigenous engagement.
The new C-NLOPB hosted Geographic Information System (GIS) decision-support tool that was developed as part of the Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador (Regional Assessment) can be found here:
Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador GIS Application
This public registry page has been created by the C-NLOPB for the posting of documents related to the development of the Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador and its associated follow up monitoring program.
The Canadian Impact Assessment Registry page is the primary point for locating documents relating to the completed Regional Assessment and future updates. In the event of discrepancies between postings on the C-NLOPB Public Registry and the IAAC site, the IAAC site should be considered accurate. The IAAC site may be found here:
https://iaac-aeic.gc.ca/050/evaluations/exploration?projDocs=80156
Reference Number: 80156
Date | Record | Author |
---|---|---|
10 MAY, 2022 | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada | |
15 JUL, 2021 | Ministerial Response Progress Report | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
15 JUL, 2021 | Update: Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
15 JUL, 2021 | Terms of Reference for the Regional Assessment Follow-up Program | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
5 MAR, 2021 | Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Participant Funding Allocated | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
15 DEC, 2020 | NunatuKavut Community Council | |
13 DEC, 2020 | Comments on the IAAC Regional Assessment Follow-up Program Terms of Reference | L’NUEY |
12 DEC, 2020 | East Coast Environmental Law Association | |
11 DEC, 2020 | CAPP | |
11 DEC, 2020 | FFAW | |
11 DEC, 2020 | Nunatsiavut Government | |
9 DEC, 2020 | Montevecchi Lab | |
7 DEC, 2020 | Qalipu First Nation | |
24 NOV, 2020 | Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office | |
4 NOV, 2020 | Public Notice – Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Call for Applications for the Regional Assessment Follow-up Program Advisory Committee | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
4 NOV, 2020 | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada | |
4 NOV, 2020 | News Release – Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Call for Applications for the Regional Assessment Follow-up Program Advisory Committee | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
28 OCT, 2020 | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada | |
28 OCT, 2020 | News Release – Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador Follow-up Program — Public Comment Invited | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
28 OCT, 2020 | Public Notice – Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador Follow-up Program — Public Comment Invited | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
3 SEP, 2020 | Overview of How the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Science Advice Was Addressed in the Draft and Final Regional Assessment Reports Prepared by the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
27 AUG, 2020 | Public Notice | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
27 AUG, 2020 | News Release | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
4 JUN, 2020 | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada | |
31 MAY, 2020 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
30 APR, 2020 | Final Report and Recommendations are Insufficient | Nicholas White |
3 APR, 2020 | Comments on the Draft Geographic Information System Decision-Support Tool | Sierra Club of Canada |
1 APR, 2020 | Nalcor | |
31 MAR, 2020 | Qalipu First Nation | |
31 MAR, 2020 | FFAW | |
30 MAR, 2020 | Montevecchi Lab | |
28 MAR, 2020 | NON | Lyne Pelchat |
25 MAR, 2020 | En parfait désaccord | Sarah Dutil |
25 MAR, 2020 | Un projet irresponsable et inaceptable | Jean-David Morneau |
25 MAR, 2020 | Non au forage | Karine Galbrand |
25 MAR, 2020 | RCEE, demande d’information | Karine Galbrand |
24 MAR, 2020 | Evaluation regionale du forage extracotier | Mario Leblanc |
23 MAR, 2020 | Hypocrisie | Francis Plourde |
23 MAR, 2020 | Nunatsiavut Government | |
10 MAR, 2020 | Regional Assessment Report (Translation corrections – Updated on March 10, 2020) | Regional Assessment Committee |
4 MAR, 2020 | Discussion Paper on a Ministerial Regulatory Proposal to Designate Offshore Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador for Exclusion under the Impact Assessment Act | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
4 MAR, 2020 | Ministerial Regulatory Proposal related to Offshore Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Comment Period on Discussion Paper | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
2 MAR, 2020 | Sipekne’katik | |
29 FEB, 2020 |
| Regional Assessment Committee |
27 FEB, 2020 | Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Draft Geographic Information System Decision-Support Tool -Webinar Recording Now Available | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
24 FEB, 2020 | NunatuKavut Community Council | |
22 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | Sierra Club of Canada |
21 FEB, 2020 | Montevecchi Lab | |
21 FEB, 2020 | East Coast Environmental Law | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Oceans North | |
21 FEB, 2020 | WWF-Canada | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Conseil des Innu de Ekuanitshit | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | ECCC |
21 FEB, 2020 | eDNAtec | |
21 FEB, 2020 | CAPP | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | Nicholas White |
21 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | Laura Crosbie |
21 FEB, 2020 | MTI | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Nunatsiavut Government | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Northeast Avalon Atlantic Coastal Action Program | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Karen Beazley | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Council of Canadians | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Nalcor | |
21 FEB, 2020 | MFN | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick | |
21 FEB, 2020 | DFO | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Nature NL | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | Leah Fusco |
21 FEB, 2020 | FFAW | |
21 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | NRCan |
21 FEB, 2020 | Health Canada | |
21 FEB, 2020 | CPONS | |
20 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | Julie Reimer |
20 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | John Jacobs |
20 FEB, 2020 | Qalipu First Nation | |
20 FEB, 2020 | NOIA | |
20 FEB, 2020 | Première Nation des Innus de Nutashkuan | |
20 FEB, 2020 | Ecology Action Centre | |
19 FEB, 2020 | Wayne Chipman | |
18 FEB, 2020 | Comments on Regional Assessment | Balaena Institute |
18 FEB, 2020 | Regional Assessment Support | Raymond Collins |
18 FEB, 2020 | MTI | |
17 FEB, 2020 | Call for a more thorough Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador | Beverly McC |
12 FEB, 2020 | If citizenship is a matter of shared beliefs, then I believe in the democracy of species | Kathrin Winkler |
11 FEB, 2020 | Don’t approve O&G drilling – Stop being planet killers | John Zolis |
10 FEB, 2020 | Urgent need to develop standard monitoring protocols regarding impact of offshore oil and gas developments on endangered pelagic seabirds | Monica C. Silva |
5 FEB, 2020 | No drilling in protected area without full environmental assessment | Joy Laking |
3 FEB, 2020 | Draft Geographic Information Sysytem (GIS) Decision-Support Tool | Regional Assessment Committee |
23 JAN, 2020 | News Release – Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador Comment Period on the Draft Regional Assessment Report | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
23 JAN, 2020 | Public Notice – Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador – Public Comments Invited | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
22 JAN, 2020 | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada | |
22 JAN, 2020 | Draft Regional Assessment Report | Regional Assessment Committee |
10 JAN, 2020 | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada | |
6 JAN, 2020 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Ecology Action Centre | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Literature Review Opportunity | Sierra Club of Canada |
30 DEC, 2019 | Balaena Institute | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Balaena Institute | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Balaena Institute | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Balaena Institute | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Balaena Institute | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Balaena Institute | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick | |
30 DEC, 2019 | NunatuKavut Community Council | |
30 DEC, 2019 | NunatuKavut Community Council | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Literature Review Opportunity (Module 9) | Edgewise Environmental Ltd. |
30 DEC, 2019 | Literature Review Opportunity | Suncor Energy Inc. |
30 DEC, 2019 | Literature Review Opportunity | Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers |
30 DEC, 2019 | FFAW | |
30 DEC, 2019 | BICCS CPAWS-NL ECEL EAC SCC WWF | |
30 DEC, 2019 | Oceans North | |
23 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
17 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
11 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
11 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
11 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
6 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
5 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 DEC, 2019 | Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and Two-eyed Seeing— a Follow-up Meeting — Engagement Activity / Meeting Notes | Regional Assessment Committee |
1 DEC, 2019 | Norwegian Environment Agency | |
27 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
27 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
27 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
25 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Oceans North | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Atlantic Policy Congress for the First Nations Chiefs Secretariat | |
21 NOV, 2019 | DFO | |
21 NOV, 2019 | ECCC | |
21 NOV, 2019 | ExxonMobil Canada Ltd. | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Newfoundland and Labrador Wildlife Federation | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Sierra Club of Canada | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Wood Environment and Infrastructure Solutions | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Nalcor | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Oceans North | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources | |
21 NOV, 2019 | CAPP | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Oceans North | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Sierra Club of Canada | |
21 NOV, 2019 | WWF-Canada | |
21 NOV, 2019 | CAPP | |
21 NOV, 2019 | NRCan | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office | |
21 NOV, 2019 | CAPP | |
21 NOV, 2019 | WWF-Canada | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Ecology Action Centre | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Oceans North | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Fisheries and Marine Institute/MUN | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Sierra Club of Canada | |
21 NOV, 2019 | CAPP | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Nalcor | |
21 NOV, 2019 | PGS | |
21 NOV, 2019 | ECCC | |
21 NOV, 2019 | ECCC | |
21 NOV, 2019 | AGC AFGC OCI | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Oceans North | |
21 NOV, 2019 | CAPP | |
21 NOV, 2019 | Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources | |
21 NOV, 2019 | PGS | |
18 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
18 NOV, 2019 | Request for Participation, December 2019 | Impact Assessment Agency of Canada |
15 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
14 NOV, 2019 | OCI and AGC | |
13 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Technical Advisory Group (TAG) Workshop: Indigenous Knowledge and Two-eyed Seeing — Engagement Activity / Meeting Notes | Regional Assessment Committee |
13 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
13 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
13 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
13 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
12 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
12 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
12 NOV, 2019 | AGC OCI and CAPP | |
12 NOV, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
1 NOV, 2019 | NAFO | |
1 NOV, 2019 | CAPP | |
1 NOV, 2019 | NAFO | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
28 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
24 OCT, 2019 | From Shelley Denny of Unama’ki Institute of Natural Resources to the Regional Assessment Committee: Reports on Indigenous Knowledge | Unama’ki Institute |
21 OCT, 2019 | WWF-Canada | |
17 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
17 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
17 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
7 OCT, 2019 | Re: Stakeholder meetings May 28, 2019 – draft meeting notes for review | Susanna Fuller |
7 OCT, 2019 | Barely trained observers hired to monitor wildlife impacts of offshore oil exploration | Ian L. Jones |
7 OCT, 2019 | NFLD Regional Assessment – Follow Up | East Coast Environmental Law |
3 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
3 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
3 OCT, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 OCT, 2019 | Summary of Regional Assessment Committee Meetings with Miawpukek First Nation | Regional Assessment Committee |
26 SEP, 2019 | From the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) to the Regional Assessment Committee: Reports on Cumulative Effects Assessments | IPIECA |
19 SEP, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
17 SEP, 2019 | WWF-Canada | |
16 SEP, 2019 | WWF-Canada | |
16 SEP, 2019 | Nunatsiavut Government | |
16 SEP, 2019 | Edgewise Environmental Ltd. | |
3 SEP, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
7 AUG, 2019 | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
2 AUG, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
25 JUL. 2019 | ECEL SCC EAC WWF | |
19 JUL, 2019 | Nunatsiavut Government | |
3 JUL, 2019 | WWF-Canada | |
26 JUN, 2019 | Public Notice Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Public Participation Opportunity | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency |
17 JUN, 2019 | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency | |
28 MAY, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
27 MAY, 2019 | Ian L. Jones | |
25 MAY, 2019 | William Montevecchi | |
24 MAY, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
23, MAY 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
23 MAY, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
22 MAY, 2019 | Regional Assessment Committee | |
21 MAY, 2019 | News Release Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Participant Funding Allocated | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency |
2 MAY, 2019 | Crown Consultation Approach for the Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador (DRAFT) | Regional Assessment Committee |
15 APR, 2019 | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency | |
15 APR, 2019 | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency | |
15 APR, 2019 | News Release Governments of Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador launch Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency |
25 FEB, 2019 | Re: Reports on the socio-economic benefits of oil and gas to Newfoundland and Labrador | Newfoundland and Labrador Oil and Gas Industries Association |
6 DEC, 2018 | News Release Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Participant Funding Available | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency |
6 DEC, 2018 | Public Notice Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Participant Funding Available | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency |
20 NOV, 2018 | Responses to Comments on the Draft Agreement to Conduct a Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador | Regional Assessment Committee |
14 NOV, 2018 | Elsipogtog First Nation | |
19 OCT, 2018 | Kwilmu’kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office | |
13 OCT, 2018 | Woodstock First Nation | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Mekap’sk Mi’kmaq Band | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Husky Energy | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Mekap’sk Mi’kmaq Band | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Oceans North | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Mi’gmawe’l Tplu’taqnn | |
12 OCT, 2018 | East Coast Environmental Law | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Ecojustice | |
12 OCT, 2018 | ExxonMobil Canada Ltd. | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Equinor Canada Ltd. | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Newfoundland and Labrador Oil & Gas Industries Association | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Miawpukek Mi’kamawey Mawi’omi | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers | |
12 OCT, 2018 | Ecology Action Centre | |
11 OCT, 2018 | Nunatsiavut Government | |
11 OCT, 2018 | Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick | |
10 OCT, 2018 | Chevron Canada Resources | |
9 OCT, 2018 | Qalipu First Nation | |
2 OCT, 2018 | Première Nation des Innus de Nutashkuan | |
28 SEP, 2018 | Michael Critch | |
19 SEP, 2018 | Engineers Canada | |
13 SEP, 2018 | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency | |
13 SEP, 2018 | News Release Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Public Comments Invited | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency |
13 SEP, 2018 | Public Notice Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador — Public Comments Invited | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency |
12 FEB, 2018 | Re: Regional Assessment of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploratory Drilling East of Newfoundland and Labrador | Innu First Nation |
20 JUNE, 2017 | Re: Environmental assessment practices of the Canada-Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Board | Nunatsiavut Government |
16 APR, 2014 | NAFO | |
30 APR, 2010 | Miawpukek First Nation |
Exploration drilling activities conducted within the Study Area defined in the Regional Assessment are excluded from the impact assessment process under the Impact Assessment Act (IAA), provided the activities are conducted in compliance with the Conditions in the Regulations Respecting Physical Activities (Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Exploratory Wells) (the Regulations). A proponent must submit the information outlined in Section 3 of the Regulations to the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada (the Agency) at least 90 days before the start of an exploration drilling program. The Agency will inform the C-NLOPB when they provide a response on a proponent’s position that a project is excluded from the IAA pursuant to the Regulations.
The C-NLOPB is responsible for verifying compliance with the conditions set out in Schedule 2 of the Regulations. The conditions of the Regulations will be incorporated by the C-NLOPB as a condition of their Operations Authorization (OA).
A regulatory roadmap is presented in Figures 1 and 2. It outlines the process leading into OA Authorization (pre-OA, Figure 1) and after OA Authorization (Post OA, Figure 2), to provide clarity around expectations and timelines associated with utilizing the Regulations.
The exploration drilling projects which have been excluded from the impact assessment process under the IAA are listed below.
Operator | Project |
---|---|
ExxonMobil Canada Limited | Exploration Drilling at EL 1169 |